STAT(2)

NAME
stat, lstat, fstat, fstatat - get file status

LIBRARY
libc

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/stat.h>
int
stat(const char *path, struct stat *sb);
int
lstat(const char *path, struct stat *sb);
int
fstat(int fd, struct stat *sb);
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int
fstatat(int fd, const char *path, struct stat *sb, int flag);

DESCRIPTION
The stat() function obtains information about the file pointed to by path. Read, write or execute permission of the named file is not required, but all directories listed in the path name leading to the file must be searchable.

The function lstat() is like stat() except in the case where the named file is a symbolic link, in which case lstat() returns information about the link, while stat() returns information about the file the link references. The fstat() function obtains the same information about an open file known by the file descriptor fd.

fstatat() works the same way as stat() (or lstat() if AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW is set in flag) except if path is relative. In that case, it is looked up from a directory whose file descriptor was passed as fd. Search permission is required on this directory. fd can be set to AT_FDCWD in order to specify the current directory.

The sb argument is a pointer to a stat structure as defined by <sys/stat.h> and into which information is placed concerning the file.

  The Standard Structure
The following standards-compliant fields are defined in the structure:
Type | Entry | Description
dev_t | st_dev | device ID containing the file
ino_t | st_ino | serial number of the file (inode number)
mode_t | st_mode | mode of the file
nlink_t | st_nlink | number of hard links to the file
uid_t | st_uid | user ID of the owner
gid_t | st_gid | group ID of the owner
dev_t | st_rdev | device type (character or block special)
off_t | st_size | size of the file in bytes
time_t | st_atime | time of last access
time_t | st_mtime | time of last data modification
time_t | st_ctime | time of last file status change
blksize_t | st_blksize | preferred I/O block size (fs-specific)
blkcnt_t | st_blocks | blocks allocated for the file

These are specified in the p1003.1-2004 standard. The st_ino and st_dev fields taken together uniquely identify the file within the system. Most of the types are defined in types(3).

The time-related fields are:

st_atime
    Time when file data was last accessed. Changed by the mknod(2), utimes(2), and read(2) system calls.

st_mtime
    Time when file data was last modified. Changed by the mknod(2), utimes(2), and write(2) system calls.

st_ctime
    Time when file status was last changed (file metadata modification). Changed by the chflags(2), chmod(2), chown(2), link(2), mknod(2), rename(2), unlink(2), utimes(2), and write(2) system calls.

The size-related fields of the struct stat are as follows:

st_size
    The size of the file in bytes. The meaning of the size reported for a directory is file system dependent. Some file systems (e.g. FFS) return the total size used for the directory metadata, possibly including free slots; others (notably ZFS) return the number of entries in the directory. Some may also return other things or always report zero.

st_blksize
    The optimal I/O block size for the file.

st_blocks
    The actual number of blocks allocated for the file in 512-byte units. As short symbolic links are stored in the inode, this number may be zero.

The status information word st_mode contains bits that define the access mode (see chmod(2)) and the type (see dirent(3)) of the file. The following macros can be used to test whether a file is of the specified type. The value m supplied to the macros is the value of st_mode.

S_ISBLK(m)
    Test for a block special file.

S_ISCHR(m)
    Test for a character special file.

S_ISDIR(m)
    Test for a directory.

S_ISFIFO(m)
    Test for a pipe or FIFO special file.

S_ISREG(m)
    Test for a regular file.

S_ISLNK(m)
    Test for a symbolic link.

S_ISSOCK(m)
    Test for a socket.

The macros evaluate to a non-zero value if the test is true or to the value 0 if the test is false.

  NetBSD Extensions
The following additional NetBSD specific fields are present:
Type | Entry | Description
long | st_atimensec | last access (nanoseconds)
long | st_mtimensec | last modification (nanoseconds)
long | st_ctimensec | last status change (nanoseconds)
time_t | st_birthtime | time of inode creation
long | st_birthtimensec | inode creation (nanoseconds)
uint32_t | st_flags | user defined flags for the file
uint32_t | st_gen | file generation number
uint32_t | st_spare[2] | implementation detail

However, if _NETBSD_SOURCE is furthermore defined, instead of the above, the following are present in the structure:
Type | Entry | Description
struct timespec | st_atimespec | time of last access
struct timespec | st_mtimespec | time of last modification
struct timespec | st_birthtimespec | time of creation
uint32_t | st_flags | user defined flags
uint32_t | st_gen | file generation number
uint32_t | st_spare[2] | implementation detail

In this case the following macros are provided for convenience:

    #if defined(_NETBSD_SOURCE)
      #define st_atime                st_atimespec.tv_sec
      #define st_atimensec            st_atimespec.tv_nsec
      #define st_mtime                st_mtimespec.tv_sec
      #define st_mtimensec            st_mtimespec.tv_nsec
      #define st_ctime                st_ctimespec.tv_sec
      #define st_ctimensec            st_ctimespec.tv_nsec
      #define st_birthtime            st_birthtimespec.tv_sec
      #define st_birthtimensec        st_birthtimespec.tv_nsec
    #endif

The status information word st_flags has the following bits:
Constant | Description
UF_NODUMP | do not dump a file
UF_IMMUTABLE | file may not be changed
UF_APPEND | writes to file may only append
UF_OPAQUE | directory is opaque wrt. union
SF_ARCHIVED | file is archived
SF_IMMUTABLE | file may not be changed
SF_APPEND | writes to file may only append

For a description of the flags, see chflags(2).

RETURN VALUES

COMPATIBILITY
Previous versions of the system used different types for the st_dev, st_uid, st_gid, st_rdev, st_size, st_blksize and st_blocks fields.

ERRORS
stat(), lstat() and fstatat() will fail if:

[EACCES]
    Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.

[EBADF]
    A badly formed vnode was encountered. This can happen if a file system information node is incorrect.

[EFAULT]
    sb or path points to an invalid address.

[EIO]
    An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.

[ELOOP]
    Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname.

[ENAMETOOLONG]
    A component of a pathname exceeded {NAME_MAX} characters, or an entire path name exceeded {PATH_MAX} characters.

[ENOENT]
    The named file does not exist.

[ENOTDIR]
    A component of the path prefix is not a directory.

[ENXIO]
    The named file is a character special or block special file, and the device associated with this special file does not exist.

In addition, fstatat() will fail if:

[EBADF]
    path does not specify an absolute path and fd is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open for reading or searching.

[ENOTDIR]
    path is not an absolute path and fd is a file descriptor associated with a non-directory file.

fstat() will fail if:

[EBADF]
    fd is not a valid open file descriptor.

[EFAULT]
    sb points to an invalid address.

[EIO]
    An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.

SEE ALSO
chflags(2), chmod(2), chown(2), utimes(2), dirent(3), types(3), symlink(7)

STANDARDS
stat(), lstat(), and fstat() conform to p1003.1-2004. fstatat() conforms to p1003.1-2008.

HISTORY
A stat() function call appeared in AT&T UNIX. A lstat() function call appeared in 4.2BSD.

BUGS
Applying fstat() to a socket (and thus to a pipe) returns a zero'd buffer, except for the blocksize field, and a unique device and file serial number.