/*
 * tclBinary.c --
 *
 *	This file contains the implementation of the "binary" Tcl built-in
 *	command and the Tcl binary data object.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 1998-1999 Scriptics Corporation.
 *
 * See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution of
 * this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
 */

#include "tclInt.h"
#include "tommath.h"

#include <math.h>

/*
 * The following constants are used by GetFormatSpec to indicate various
 * special conditions in the parsing of a format specifier.
 */

#define BINARY_ALL -1		/* Use all elements in the argument. */
#define BINARY_NOCOUNT -2	/* No count was specified in format. */

/*
 * The following flags may be OR'ed together and returned by GetFormatSpec
 */

#define BINARY_SIGNED 0		/* Field to be read as signed data */
#define BINARY_UNSIGNED 1	/* Field to be read as unsigned data */

/*
 * The following defines the maximum number of different (integer) numbers
 * placed in the object cache by 'binary scan' before it bails out and
 * switches back to Plan A (creating a new object for each value.)
 * Theoretically, it would be possible to keep the cache about for the values
 * that are already in it, but that makes the code slower in practice when
 * overflow happens, and makes little odds the rest of the time (as measured
 * on my machine.) It is also slower (on the sample I tried at least) to grow
 * the cache to hold all items we might want to put in it; presumably the
 * extra cost of managing the memory for the enlarged table outweighs the
 * benefit from allocating fewer objects. This is probably because as the
 * number of objects increases, the likelihood of reuse of any particular one
 * drops, and there is very little gain from larger maximum cache sizes (the
 * value below is chosen to allow caching to work in full with conversion of
 * bytes.) - DKF
 */

#define BINARY_SCAN_MAX_CACHE	260

/*
 * Prototypes for local procedures defined in this file:
 */

static void		DupByteArrayInternalRep(Tcl_Obj *srcPtr,
			    Tcl_Obj *copyPtr);
static int		FormatNumber(Tcl_Interp *interp, int type,
			    Tcl_Obj *src, unsigned char **cursorPtr);
static void		FreeByteArrayInternalRep(Tcl_Obj *objPtr);
static int		GetFormatSpec(const char **formatPtr, char *cmdPtr,
			    int *countPtr, int *flagsPtr);
static Tcl_Obj *	ScanNumber(unsigned char *buffer, int type,
			    int flags, Tcl_HashTable **numberCachePtr);
static int		SetByteArrayFromAny(Tcl_Interp *interp,
			    Tcl_Obj *objPtr);
static void		UpdateStringOfByteArray(Tcl_Obj *listPtr);
static void		DeleteScanNumberCache(Tcl_HashTable *numberCachePtr);
static int		NeedReversing(int format);
static void		CopyNumber(const void *from, void *to,
			    unsigned int length, int type);
/* Binary ensemble commands */
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryFormatCmd;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryScanCmd;
/* Binary encoding sub-ensemble commands */
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryEncodeHex;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryDecodeHex;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryEncode64;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryDecode64;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryEncodeUu;
static Tcl_ObjCmdProc	BinaryDecodeUu;

/*
 * The following tables are used by the binary encoders
 */

static const char HexDigits[16] = {
    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
    '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
};

static const char UueDigits[65] = {
    '`', '!', '"', '#', '$', '%', '&', '\'',
    '(', ')', '*', '+', ',', '-', '.', '/',
    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
    '8', '9', ':', ';', '<', '=', '>', '?',
    '@', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G',
    'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O',
    'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W',
    'X', 'Y', 'Z', '[', '\\',']', '^', '_',
    '`'
};

static const char B64Digits[65] = {
    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H',
    'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
    'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X',
    'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
    'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
    'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
    'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3',
    '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
    '='
};

/*
 * How to construct the ensembles.
 */

static const EnsembleImplMap binaryMap[] = {
    { "format", BinaryFormatCmd, TclCompileBasicMin1ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "scan",   BinaryScanCmd, TclCompileBasicMin2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "encode", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "decode", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 }
};
static const EnsembleImplMap encodeMap[] = {
    { "hex",      BinaryEncodeHex, TclCompileBasic1ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "uuencode", BinaryEncodeUu,  NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "base64",   BinaryEncode64,  NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 }
};
static const EnsembleImplMap decodeMap[] = {
    { "hex",      BinaryDecodeHex, TclCompileBasic1Or2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "uuencode", BinaryDecodeUu,  TclCompileBasic1Or2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "base64",   BinaryDecode64,  TclCompileBasic1Or2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 }
};

/*
 * The following object type represents an array of bytes. An array of bytes
 * is not equivalent to an internationalized string. Conceptually, a string is
 * an array of 16-bit quantities organized as a sequence of properly formed
 * UTF-8 characters, while a ByteArray is an array of 8-bit quantities.
 * Accessor functions are provided to convert a ByteArray to a String or a
 * String to a ByteArray. Two or more consecutive bytes in an array of bytes
 * may look like a single UTF-8 character if the array is casually treated as
 * a string. But obtaining the String from a ByteArray is guaranteed to
 * produced properly formed UTF-8 sequences so that there is a one-to-one map
 * between bytes and characters.
 *
 * Converting a ByteArray to a String proceeds by casting each byte in the
 * array to a 16-bit quantity, treating that number as a Unicode character,
 * and storing the UTF-8 version of that Unicode character in the String. For
 * ByteArrays consisting entirely of values 1..127, the corresponding String
 * representation is the same as the ByteArray representation.
 *
 * Converting a String to a ByteArray proceeds by getting the Unicode
 * representation of each character in the String, casting it to a byte by
 * truncating the upper 8 bits, and then storing the byte in the ByteArray.
 * Converting from ByteArray to String and back to ByteArray is not lossy, but
 * converting an arbitrary String to a ByteArray may be.
 */

const Tcl_ObjType tclByteArrayType = {
    "bytearray",
    FreeByteArrayInternalRep,
    DupByteArrayInternalRep,
    UpdateStringOfByteArray,
    SetByteArrayFromAny
};

/*
 * The following structure is the internal rep for a ByteArray object. Keeps
 * track of how much memory has been used and how much has been allocated for
 * the byte array to enable growing and shrinking of the ByteArray object with
 * fewer mallocs.
 */

typedef struct ByteArray {
    unsigned int used;		/* The number of bytes used in the byte
				 * array. */
    unsigned int allocated;	/* The number of bytes allocated for storage
				 * of the following "bytes" field. */
    unsigned char bytes[TCLFLEXARRAY];
				/* The array of bytes. The actual size of this
				 * field is stored in the 'allocated' field
				 * above. */
} ByteArray;

#define BYTEARRAY_SIZE(len) \
		(((unsigned)TclOffset(ByteArray, bytes) + (len)))
#define GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr) \
		((ByteArray *) (objPtr)->internalRep.twoPtrValue.ptr1)
#define SET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr, baPtr) \
		(objPtr)->internalRep.twoPtrValue.ptr1 = (void *) (baPtr)


/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Tcl_NewByteArrayObj --
 *
 *	This procedure is creates a new ByteArray object and initializes it
 *	from the given array of bytes.
 *
 * Results:
 *	The newly created object is returned. This object has no initial
 *	string representation. The returned object has a ref count of 0.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Memory allocated for new object and copy of byte array argument.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#undef Tcl_NewByteArrayObj

Tcl_Obj *
Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(
    const unsigned char *bytes,	/* The array of bytes used to initialize the
				 * new object. */
    int numBytes)		/* Number of bytes in the array,
				 * must be >= 0. */
{
#ifdef TCL_MEM_DEBUG
    return Tcl_DbNewByteArrayObj(bytes, numBytes, "unknown", 0);
#else /* if not TCL_MEM_DEBUG */
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr;

    TclNewObj(objPtr);
    Tcl_SetByteArrayObj(objPtr, bytes, numBytes);
    return objPtr;
#endif /* TCL_MEM_DEBUG */
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Tcl_DbNewByteArrayObj --
 *
 *	This procedure is normally called when debugging: i.e., when
 *	TCL_MEM_DEBUG is defined. It is the same as the Tcl_NewByteArrayObj
 *	above except that it calls Tcl_DbCkalloc directly with the file name
 *	and line number from its caller. This simplifies debugging since then
 *	the [memory active] command will report the correct file name and line
 *	number when reporting objects that haven't been freed.
 *
 *	When TCL_MEM_DEBUG is not defined, this procedure just returns the
 *	result of calling Tcl_NewByteArrayObj.
 *
 * Results:
 *	The newly created object is returned. This object has no initial
 *	string representation. The returned object has a ref count of 0.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Memory allocated for new object and copy of byte array argument.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

Tcl_Obj *
Tcl_DbNewByteArrayObj(
    const unsigned char *bytes,	/* The array of bytes used to initialize the
				 * new object. */
    int numBytes,		/* Number of bytes in the array,
				 * must be >= 0. */
    const char *file,		/* The name of the source file calling this
				 * procedure; used for debugging. */
    int line)			/* Line number in the source file; used for
				 * debugging. */
{
#ifdef TCL_MEM_DEBUG
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr;

    TclDbNewObj(objPtr, file, line);
    Tcl_SetByteArrayObj(objPtr, bytes, numBytes);
    return objPtr;
#else /* if not TCL_MEM_DEBUG */
    return Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(bytes, numBytes);
#endif /* TCL_MEM_DEBUG */
}

/*
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Tcl_SetByteArrayObj --
 *
 *	Modify an object to be a ByteArray object and to have the specified
 *	array of bytes as its value.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	The object's old string rep and internal rep is freed. Memory
 *	allocated for copy of byte array argument.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

void
Tcl_SetByteArrayObj(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr,		/* Object to initialize as a ByteArray. */
    const unsigned char *bytes,	/* The array of bytes to use as the new value.
				 * May be NULL even if numBytes > 0. */
    int numBytes)		/* Number of bytes in the array,
				 * must be >= 0 */
{
    ByteArray *byteArrayPtr;

    if (Tcl_IsShared(objPtr)) {
	Tcl_Panic("%s called with shared object", "Tcl_SetByteArrayObj");
    }
    TclFreeIntRep(objPtr);
    TclInvalidateStringRep(objPtr);

    if (numBytes < 0) {
	numBytes = 0;
    }
    byteArrayPtr = (ByteArray *)ckalloc(BYTEARRAY_SIZE(numBytes));
    byteArrayPtr->used = numBytes;
    byteArrayPtr->allocated = numBytes;

    if ((bytes != NULL) && (numBytes > 0)) {
	memcpy(byteArrayPtr->bytes, bytes, numBytes);
    }
    objPtr->typePtr = &tclByteArrayType;
    SET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr, byteArrayPtr);
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj --
 *
 *	Attempt to get the array of bytes from the Tcl object. If the object
 *	is not already a ByteArray object, an attempt will be made to convert
 *	it to one.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Pointer to array of bytes representing the ByteArray object.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Frees old internal rep. Allocates memory for new internal rep.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

unsigned char *
Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr,		/* The ByteArray object. */
    int *numBytesPtr)		/* If non-NULL, write the number of bytes
				 * in the array here */
{
    ByteArray *baPtr;

    if (objPtr->typePtr != &tclByteArrayType) {
	SetByteArrayFromAny(NULL, objPtr);
    }
    baPtr = GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr);

    if (numBytesPtr != NULL) {
	*numBytesPtr = baPtr->used;
    }
    return (unsigned char *)baPtr->bytes;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Tcl_SetByteArrayLength --
 *
 *	This procedure changes the length of the byte array for this object.
 *	Once the caller has set the length of the array, it is acceptable to
 *	directly modify the bytes in the array up until Tcl_GetStringFromObj()
 *	has been called on this object.
 *
 * Results:
 *	The new byte array of the specified length.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Allocates enough memory for an array of bytes of the requested size.
 *	When growing the array, the old array is copied to the new array; new
 *	bytes are undefined. When shrinking, the old array is truncated to the
 *	specified length.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

unsigned char *
Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr,		/* The ByteArray object. */
    int numBytes)		/* Number of bytes in resized array */
{
    ByteArray *byteArrayPtr;

    if (Tcl_IsShared(objPtr)) {
	Tcl_Panic("%s called with shared object", "Tcl_SetByteArrayLength");
    }
    if (objPtr->typePtr != &tclByteArrayType) {
	SetByteArrayFromAny(NULL, objPtr);
    }
    if (numBytes < 0) {
	numBytes = 0;
    }
    byteArrayPtr = GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr);
    if ((unsigned int)numBytes > byteArrayPtr->allocated) {
	byteArrayPtr = (ByteArray *)ckrealloc(byteArrayPtr, BYTEARRAY_SIZE(numBytes));
	byteArrayPtr->allocated = numBytes;
	SET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr, byteArrayPtr);
    }
    TclInvalidateStringRep(objPtr);
    byteArrayPtr->used = numBytes;
    return byteArrayPtr->bytes;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * SetByteArrayFromAny --
 *
 *	Generate the ByteArray internal rep from the string rep.
 *
 * Results:
 *	The return value is always TCL_OK.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	A ByteArray object is stored as the internal rep of objPtr.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
SetByteArrayFromAny(
    Tcl_Interp *interp,		/* Not used. */
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr)		/* The object to convert to type ByteArray. */
{
    int length;
    const char *src, *srcEnd;
    unsigned char *dst;
    ByteArray *byteArrayPtr;
    Tcl_UniChar ch = 0;

    if (objPtr->typePtr != &tclByteArrayType) {
	src = TclGetStringFromObj(objPtr, &length);
	srcEnd = src + length;

	byteArrayPtr = (ByteArray *)ckalloc(BYTEARRAY_SIZE(length));
	for (dst = byteArrayPtr->bytes; src < srcEnd; ) {
	    src += TclUtfToUniChar(src, &ch);
	    *dst++ = UCHAR(ch);
	}

	byteArrayPtr->used = dst - byteArrayPtr->bytes;
	byteArrayPtr->allocated = length;

	TclFreeIntRep(objPtr);
	objPtr->typePtr = &tclByteArrayType;
	SET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr, byteArrayPtr);
    }
    return TCL_OK;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * FreeByteArrayInternalRep --
 *
 *	Deallocate the storage associated with a ByteArray data object's
 *	internal representation.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Frees memory.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static void
FreeByteArrayInternalRep(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr)		/* Object with internal rep to free. */
{
    ckfree(GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr));
    objPtr->typePtr = NULL;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * DupByteArrayInternalRep --
 *
 *	Initialize the internal representation of a ByteArray Tcl_Obj to a
 *	copy of the internal representation of an existing ByteArray object.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Allocates memory.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static void
DupByteArrayInternalRep(
    Tcl_Obj *srcPtr,		/* Object with internal rep to copy. */
    Tcl_Obj *copyPtr)		/* Object with internal rep to set. */
{
    unsigned int length;
    ByteArray *srcArrayPtr, *copyArrayPtr;

    srcArrayPtr = GET_BYTEARRAY(srcPtr);
    length = srcArrayPtr->used;

    copyArrayPtr = (ByteArray *)ckalloc(BYTEARRAY_SIZE(length));
    copyArrayPtr->used = length;
    copyArrayPtr->allocated = length;
    memcpy(copyArrayPtr->bytes, srcArrayPtr->bytes, length);
    SET_BYTEARRAY(copyPtr, copyArrayPtr);

    copyPtr->typePtr = &tclByteArrayType;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * UpdateStringOfByteArray --
 *
 *	Update the string representation for a ByteArray data object. Note:
 *	This procedure does not invalidate an existing old string rep so
 *	storage will be lost if this has not already been done.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	The object's string is set to a valid string that results from the
 *	ByteArray-to-string conversion.
 *
 *	The object becomes a string object -- the internal rep is discarded
 *	and the typePtr becomes NULL.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static void
UpdateStringOfByteArray(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr)		/* ByteArray object whose string rep to
				 * update. */
{
    unsigned int i, length, size;
    unsigned char *src;
    char *dst;
    ByteArray *byteArrayPtr;

    byteArrayPtr = GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr);
    src = byteArrayPtr->bytes;
    length = byteArrayPtr->used;

    /*
     * How much space will string rep need?
     */

    size = length;
    for (i = 0; i < length && size <= INT_MAX; i++) {
	if ((src[i] == 0) || (src[i] > 127)) {
	    size++;
	}
    }
    if (size > INT_MAX) {
	Tcl_Panic("max size for a Tcl value (%d bytes) exceeded", INT_MAX);
    }

    dst = (char *)ckalloc(size + 1U);
    objPtr->bytes = dst;
    objPtr->length = size;

    if (size == length) {
	memcpy(dst, src, size);
	dst[size] = '\0';
    } else {
	for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
	    dst += Tcl_UniCharToUtf(src[i], dst);
	}
	*dst = '\0';
    }
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * TclAppendBytesToByteArray --
 *
 *	This function appends an array of bytes to a byte array object. Note
 *	that the object *must* be unshared, and the array of bytes *must not*
 *	refer to the object being appended to.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Allocates enough memory for an array of bytes of the requested total
 *	size, or possibly larger. [Bug 2992970]
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

void
TclAppendBytesToByteArray(
    Tcl_Obj *objPtr,
    const unsigned char *bytes,
    int len)
{
    ByteArray *byteArrayPtr;
    unsigned int needed;

    if (Tcl_IsShared(objPtr)) {
	Tcl_Panic("%s called with shared object","TclAppendBytesToByteArray");
    }
    if (len < 0) {
	Tcl_Panic("%s must be called with definite number of bytes to append",
		"TclAppendBytesToByteArray");
    }
    if (len == 0) {
	/*
	 * Append zero bytes is a no-op.
	 */

	return;
    }
    if (objPtr->typePtr != &tclByteArrayType) {
	SetByteArrayFromAny(NULL, objPtr);
    }
    byteArrayPtr = GET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr);

    if ((unsigned int)len > INT_MAX - byteArrayPtr->used) {
	Tcl_Panic("max size for a Tcl value (%d bytes) exceeded", INT_MAX);
    }

    needed = byteArrayPtr->used + len;
    /*
     * If we need to, resize the allocated space in the byte array.
     */

    if (needed > byteArrayPtr->allocated) {
	ByteArray *ptr = NULL;
	unsigned int attempt;

	if (needed <= INT_MAX/2) {
	    /*
	     * Try to allocate double the total space that is needed.
	     */

	    attempt = 2 * needed;
	    ptr = (ByteArray *)attemptckrealloc(byteArrayPtr, BYTEARRAY_SIZE(attempt));
	}
	if (ptr == NULL) {
	    /*
	     * Try to allocate double the increment that is needed (plus).
	     */

	    unsigned int limit = INT_MAX - needed;
	    unsigned int extra = len + TCL_MIN_GROWTH;
	    int growth = (int) ((extra > limit) ? limit : extra);

	    attempt = needed + growth;
	    ptr = (ByteArray *)attemptckrealloc(byteArrayPtr, BYTEARRAY_SIZE(attempt));
	}
	if (ptr == NULL) {
	    /*
	     * Last chance: Try to allocate exactly what is needed.
	     */

	    attempt = needed;
	    ptr = (ByteArray *)ckrealloc(byteArrayPtr, BYTEARRAY_SIZE(attempt));
	}
	byteArrayPtr = ptr;
	byteArrayPtr->allocated = attempt;
	SET_BYTEARRAY(objPtr, byteArrayPtr);
    }

    if (bytes) {
	memcpy(byteArrayPtr->bytes + byteArrayPtr->used, bytes, len);
    }
    byteArrayPtr->used += len;
    TclInvalidateStringRep(objPtr);
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * TclInitBinaryCmd --
 *
 *	This function is called to create the "binary" Tcl command. See the
 *	user documentation for details on what it does.
 *
 * Results:
 *	A command token for the new command.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Creates a new binary command as a mapped ensemble.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

Tcl_Command
TclInitBinaryCmd(
    Tcl_Interp *interp)
{
    Tcl_Command binaryEnsemble;

    binaryEnsemble = TclMakeEnsemble(interp, "binary", binaryMap);
    TclMakeEnsemble(interp, "binary encode", encodeMap);
    TclMakeEnsemble(interp, "binary decode", decodeMap);
    return binaryEnsemble;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryFormatCmd --
 *
 *	This procedure implements the "binary format" Tcl command.
 *
 * Results:
 *	A standard Tcl result.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	See the user documentation.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryFormatCmd(
    ClientData dummy,		/* Not used. */
    Tcl_Interp *interp,		/* Current interpreter. */
    int objc,			/* Number of arguments. */
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])	/* Argument objects. */
{
    int arg;			/* Index of next argument to consume. */
    int value = 0;		/* Current integer value to be packed.
				 * Initialized to avoid compiler warning. */
    char cmd;			/* Current format character. */
    int count;			/* Count associated with current format
				 * character. */
    int flags;			/* Format field flags */
    const char *format;		/* Pointer to current position in format
				 * string. */
    Tcl_Obj *resultPtr = NULL;	/* Object holding result buffer. */
    unsigned char *buffer;	/* Start of result buffer. */
    unsigned char *cursor;	/* Current position within result buffer. */
    unsigned char *maxPos;	/* Greatest position within result buffer that
				 * cursor has visited.*/
    const char *errorString;
    const char *errorValue, *str;
    int offset, size, length;

    if (objc < 2) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "formatString ?arg ...?");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

    /*
     * To avoid copying the data, we format the string in two passes. The
     * first pass computes the size of the output buffer. The second pass
     * places the formatted data into the buffer.
     */

    format = TclGetString(objv[1]);
    arg = 2;
    offset = 0;
    length = 0;
    while (*format != '\0') {
	str = format;
	flags = 0;
	if (!GetFormatSpec(&format, &cmd, &count, &flags)) {
	    break;
	}
	switch (cmd) {
	case 'a':
	case 'A':
	case 'b':
	case 'B':
	case 'h':
	case 'H':
	    /*
	     * For string-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of bytes in a single argument.
	     */

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &count);
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    arg++;
	    if (cmd == 'a' || cmd == 'A') {
		offset += count;
	    } else if (cmd == 'b' || cmd == 'B') {
		offset += (count + 7) / 8;
	    } else {
		offset += (count + 1) / 2;
	    }
	    break;
	case 'c':
	    size = 1;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 't':
	case 's':
	case 'S':
	    size = 2;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'n':
	case 'i':
	case 'I':
	    size = 4;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'm':
	case 'w':
	case 'W':
	    size = 8;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'r':
	case 'R':
	case 'f':
	    size = sizeof(float);
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'q':
	case 'Q':
	case 'd':
	    size = sizeof(double);

	doNumbers:
	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }

	    /*
	     * For number-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of elements in the list stored in a single argument. If no
	     * count is specified, then the argument is taken as a single
	     * non-list value.
	     */

	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		arg++;
		count = 1;
	    } else {
		int listc;
		Tcl_Obj **listv;

		/*
		 * The macro evals its args more than once: avoid arg++
		 */

		if (TclListObjGetElements(interp, objv[arg], &listc,
			&listv) != TCL_OK) {
		    return TCL_ERROR;
		}

		if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		    count = listc;
		} else if (count > listc) {
		    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
			    "number of elements in list does not match count",
			    -1));
		    return TCL_ERROR;
		}
		arg++;
	    }
	    offset += count*size;
	    break;

	case 'x':
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
			"cannot use \"*\" in format string with \"x\"", -1));
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    offset += count;
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count > offset) || (count == BINARY_ALL)) {
		count = offset;
	    }
	    if (offset > length) {
		length = offset;
	    }
	    offset -= count;
	    break;
	case '@':
	    if (offset > length) {
		length = offset;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		offset = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		goto badCount;
	    } else {
		offset = count;
	    }
	    break;
	default:
	    errorString = str;
	    goto badField;
	}
    }
    if (offset > length) {
	length = offset;
    }
    if (length == 0) {
	return TCL_OK;
    }

    /*
     * Prepare the result object by preallocating the calculated number of
     * bytes and filling with nulls.
     */

    TclNewObj(resultPtr);
    buffer = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultPtr, length);
    memset(buffer, 0, length);

    /*
     * Pack the data into the result object. Note that we can skip the error
     * checking during this pass, since we have already parsed the string
     * once.
     */

    arg = 2;
    format = TclGetString(objv[1]);
    cursor = buffer;
    maxPos = cursor;
    while (*format != 0) {
	flags = 0;
	if (!GetFormatSpec(&format, &cmd, &count, &flags)) {
	    break;
	}
	if ((count == 0) && (cmd != '@')) {
	    if (cmd != 'x') {
		arg++;
	    }
	    continue;
	}
	switch (cmd) {
	case 'a':
	case 'A': {
	    char pad = (char) (cmd == 'a' ? '\0' : ' ');
	    unsigned char *bytes;

	    bytes = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg++], &length);

	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if (length >= count) {
		memcpy(cursor, bytes, count);
	    } else {
		memcpy(cursor, bytes, length);
		memset(cursor + length, pad, count - length);
	    }
	    cursor += count;
	    break;
	}
	case 'b':
	case 'B': {
	    unsigned char *last;

	    str = TclGetStringFromObj(objv[arg], &length);
	    arg++;
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    last = cursor + ((count + 7) / 8);
	    if (count > length) {
		count = length;
	    }
	    value = 0;
	    errorString = "binary";
	    if (cmd == 'B') {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value <<= 1;
		    if (str[offset] == '1') {
			value |= 1;
		    } else if (str[offset] != '0') {
			errorValue = str;
			Tcl_DecrRefCount(resultPtr);
			goto badValue;
		    }
		    if (((offset + 1) % 8) == 0) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    } else {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value >>= 1;
		    if (str[offset] == '1') {
			value |= 128;
		    } else if (str[offset] != '0') {
			errorValue = str;
			Tcl_DecrRefCount(resultPtr);
			goto badValue;
		    }
		    if (!((offset + 1) % 8)) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    if ((offset % 8) != 0) {
		if (cmd == 'B') {
		    value <<= 8 - (offset % 8);
		} else {
		    value >>= 8 - (offset % 8);
		}
		*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
	    }
	    while (cursor < last) {
		*cursor++ = '\0';
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'h':
	case 'H': {
	    unsigned char *last;
	    int c;

	    str = TclGetStringFromObj(objv[arg], &length);
	    arg++;
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    last = cursor + ((count + 1) / 2);
	    if (count > length) {
		count = length;
	    }
	    value = 0;
	    errorString = "hexadecimal";
	    if (cmd == 'H') {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value <<= 4;
		    if (!isxdigit(UCHAR(str[offset]))) {     /* INTL: digit */
			errorValue = str;
			Tcl_DecrRefCount(resultPtr);
			goto badValue;
		    }
		    c = str[offset] - '0';
		    if (c > 9) {
			c += ('0' - 'A') + 10;
		    }
		    if (c > 16) {
			c += ('A' - 'a');
		    }
		    value |= (c & 0xF);
		    if (offset % 2) {
			*cursor++ = (char) value;
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    } else {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value >>= 4;

		    if (!isxdigit(UCHAR(str[offset]))) {     /* INTL: digit */
			errorValue = str;
			Tcl_DecrRefCount(resultPtr);
			goto badValue;
		    }
		    c = str[offset] - '0';
		    if (c > 9) {
			c += ('0' - 'A') + 10;
		    }
		    if (c > 16) {
			c += ('A' - 'a');
		    }
		    value |= ((c << 4) & 0xF0);
		    if (offset % 2) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value & 0xFF);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    if (offset % 2) {
		if (cmd == 'H') {
		    value <<= 4;
		} else {
		    value >>= 4;
		}
		*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
	    }

	    while (cursor < last) {
		*cursor++ = '\0';
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'c':
	case 't':
	case 's':
	case 'S':
	case 'n':
	case 'i':
	case 'I':
	case 'm':
	case 'w':
	case 'W':
	case 'r':
	case 'R':
	case 'd':
	case 'q':
	case 'Q':
	case 'f': {
	    int listc, i;
	    Tcl_Obj **listv;

	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		/*
		 * Note that we are casting away the const-ness of objv, but
		 * this is safe since we aren't going to modify the array.
		 */

		listv = (Tcl_Obj **) (objv + arg);
		listc = 1;
		count = 1;
	    } else {
		TclListObjGetElements(interp, objv[arg], &listc, &listv);
		if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		    count = listc;
		}
	    }
	    arg++;
	    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		if (FormatNumber(interp, cmd, listv[i], &cursor) != TCL_OK) {
		    Tcl_DecrRefCount(resultPtr);
		    return TCL_ERROR;
		}
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'x':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    memset(cursor, 0, count);
	    cursor += count;
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    if (cursor > maxPos) {
		maxPos = cursor;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count == BINARY_ALL) || (count > (cursor - buffer))) {
		cursor = buffer;
	    } else {
		cursor -= count;
	    }
	    break;
	case '@':
	    if (cursor > maxPos) {
		maxPos = cursor;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		cursor = maxPos;
	    } else {
		cursor = buffer + count;
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultPtr);
    return TCL_OK;

 badValue:
    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "expected %s string but got \"%s\" instead",
	    errorString, errorValue));
    return TCL_ERROR;

 badCount:
    errorString = "missing count for \"@\" field specifier";
    goto error;

 badIndex:
    errorString = "not enough arguments for all format specifiers";
    goto error;

 badField:
    {
	int ch;
	char buf[8] = "";

	TclUtfToUCS4(errorString, &ch);
	buf[TclUCS4ToUtf(ch, buf)] = '\0';
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
		"bad field specifier \"%s\"", buf));
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

 error:
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(errorString, -1));
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryScanCmd --
 *
 *	This procedure implements the "binary scan" Tcl command.
 *
 * Results:
 *	A standard Tcl result.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	See the user documentation.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryScanCmd(
    ClientData dummy,		/* Not used. */
    Tcl_Interp *interp,		/* Current interpreter. */
    int objc,			/* Number of arguments. */
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])	/* Argument objects. */
{
    int arg;			/* Index of next argument to consume. */
    int value = 0;		/* Current integer value to be packed.
				 * Initialized to avoid compiler warning. */
    char cmd;			/* Current format character. */
    int count;			/* Count associated with current format
				 * character. */
    int flags;			/* Format field flags */
    const char *format;		/* Pointer to current position in format
				 * string. */
    Tcl_Obj *resultPtr = NULL;	/* Object holding result buffer. */
    unsigned char *buffer;	/* Start of result buffer. */
    const char *errorString;
    const char *str;
    int offset, size, length, i;

    Tcl_Obj *valuePtr, *elementPtr;
    Tcl_HashTable numberCacheHash;
    Tcl_HashTable *numberCachePtr;

    if (objc < 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv,
		"value formatString ?varName ...?");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    numberCachePtr = &numberCacheHash;
    Tcl_InitHashTable(numberCachePtr, TCL_ONE_WORD_KEYS);
    buffer = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[1], &length);
    format = TclGetString(objv[2]);
    arg = 3;
    offset = 0;
    while (*format != '\0') {
	str = format;
	flags = 0;
	if (!GetFormatSpec(&format, &cmd, &count, &flags)) {
	    goto done;
	}
	switch (cmd) {
	case 'a':
	case 'A': {
	    unsigned char *src;

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length - offset;
	    } else {
		if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		    count = 1;
		}
		if (count > (length - offset)) {
		    goto done;
		}
	    }

	    src = buffer + offset;
	    size = count;

	    /*
	     * Trim trailing nulls and spaces, if necessary.
	     */

	    if (cmd == 'A') {
		while (size > 0) {
		    if (src[size - 1] != '\0' && src[size - 1] != ' ') {
			break;
		    }
		    size--;
		}
	    }

	    /*
	     * Have to do this #ifdef-fery because (as part of defining
	     * Tcl_NewByteArrayObj) we removed the #def that hides this stuff
	     * normally. If this code ever gets copied to another file, it
	     * should be changed back to the simpler version.
	     */

#ifdef TCL_MEM_DEBUG
	    valuePtr = Tcl_DbNewByteArrayObj(src, size, __FILE__, __LINE__);
#else
	    valuePtr = Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(src, size);
#endif /* TCL_MEM_DEBUG */

	    resultPtr = Tcl_ObjSetVar2(interp, objv[arg], NULL, valuePtr,
		    TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG);
	    arg++;
	    if (resultPtr == NULL) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    offset += count;
	    break;
	}
	case 'b':
	case 'B': {
	    unsigned char *src;
	    char *dest;

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = (length - offset) * 8;
	    } else {
		if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		    count = 1;
		}
		if (count > (length - offset) * 8) {
		    goto done;
		}
	    }
	    src = buffer + offset;
	    TclNewObj(valuePtr);
	    Tcl_SetObjLength(valuePtr, count);
	    dest = TclGetString(valuePtr);

	    if (cmd == 'b') {
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    if (i % 8) {
			value >>= 1;
		    } else {
			value = *src++;
		    }
		    *dest++ = (char) ((value & 1) ? '1' : '0');
		}
	    } else {
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    if (i % 8) {
			value <<= 1;
		    } else {
			value = *src++;
		    }
		    *dest++ = (char) ((value & 0x80) ? '1' : '0');
		}
	    }

	    resultPtr = Tcl_ObjSetVar2(interp, objv[arg], NULL, valuePtr,
		    TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG);
	    arg++;
	    if (resultPtr == NULL) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    offset += (count + 7) / 8;
	    break;
	}
	case 'h':
	case 'H': {
	    char *dest;
	    unsigned char *src;
	    static const char hexdigit[] = "0123456789abcdef";

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = (length - offset)*2;
	    } else {
		if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		    count = 1;
		}
		if (count > (length - offset)*2) {
		    goto done;
		}
	    }
	    src = buffer + offset;
	    TclNewObj(valuePtr);
	    Tcl_SetObjLength(valuePtr, count);
	    dest = TclGetString(valuePtr);

	    if (cmd == 'h') {
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    if (i % 2) {
			value >>= 4;
		    } else {
			value = *src++;
		    }
		    *dest++ = hexdigit[value & 0xF];
		}
	    } else {
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    if (i % 2) {
			value <<= 4;
		    } else {
			value = *src++;
		    }
		    *dest++ = hexdigit[(value >> 4) & 0xF];
		}
	    }

	    resultPtr = Tcl_ObjSetVar2(interp, objv[arg], NULL, valuePtr,
		    TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG);
	    arg++;
	    if (resultPtr == NULL) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    offset += (count + 1) / 2;
	    break;
	}
	case 'c':
	    size = 1;
	    goto scanNumber;
	case 't':
	case 's':
	case 'S':
	    size = 2;
	    goto scanNumber;
	case 'n':
	case 'i':
	case 'I':
	    size = 4;
	    goto scanNumber;
	case 'm':
	case 'w':
	case 'W':
	    size = 8;
	    goto scanNumber;
	case 'r':
	case 'R':
	case 'f':
	    size = sizeof(float);
	    goto scanNumber;
	case 'q':
	case 'Q':
	case 'd': {
	    unsigned char *src;

	    size = sizeof(double);
	    /* fall through */

	scanNumber:
	    if (arg >= objc) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		if (length < (size + offset)) {
		    goto done;
		}
		valuePtr = ScanNumber(buffer+offset, cmd, flags,
			&numberCachePtr);
		offset += size;
	    } else {
		if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		    count = (length - offset) / size;
		}
		if ((length - offset) < (count * size)) {
		    goto done;
		}
		TclNewObj(valuePtr);
		src = buffer + offset;
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    elementPtr = ScanNumber(src, cmd, flags, &numberCachePtr);
		    src += size;
		    Tcl_ListObjAppendElement(NULL, valuePtr, elementPtr);
		}
		offset += count * size;
	    }

	    resultPtr = Tcl_ObjSetVar2(interp, objv[arg], NULL, valuePtr,
		    TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG);
	    arg++;
	    if (resultPtr == NULL) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'x':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count == BINARY_ALL) || (count > (length - offset))) {
		offset = length;
	    } else {
		offset += count;
	    }
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count == BINARY_ALL) || (count > offset)) {
		offset = 0;
	    } else {
		offset -= count;
	    }
	    break;
	case '@':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
		goto badCount;
	    }
	    if ((count == BINARY_ALL) || (count > length)) {
		offset = length;
	    } else {
		offset = count;
	    }
	    break;
	default:
	    DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);
	    errorString = str;
	    goto badField;
	}
    }

    /*
     * Set the result to the last position of the cursor.
     */

 done:
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewLongObj(arg - 3));
    DeleteScanNumberCache(numberCachePtr);

    return TCL_OK;

 badCount:
    errorString = "missing count for \"@\" field specifier";
    goto error;

 badIndex:
    errorString = "not enough arguments for all format specifiers";
    goto error;

 badField:
    {
	int ch;
	char buf[8] = "";

	TclUtfToUCS4(errorString, &ch);
	buf[TclUCS4ToUtf(ch, buf)] = '\0';
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
		"bad field specifier \"%s\"", buf));
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

 error:
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(errorString, -1));
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * GetFormatSpec --
 *
 *	This function parses the format strings used in the binary format and
 *	scan commands.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Moves the formatPtr to the start of the next command. Returns the
 *	current command character and count in cmdPtr and countPtr. The count
 *	is set to BINARY_ALL if the count character was '*' or BINARY_NOCOUNT
 *	if no count was specified. Returns 1 on success, or 0 if the string
 *	did not have a format specifier.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
GetFormatSpec(
    const char **formatPtr,	/* Pointer to format string. */
    char *cmdPtr,		/* Pointer to location of command char. */
    int *countPtr,		/* Pointer to repeat count value. */
    int *flagsPtr)		/* Pointer to field flags */
{
    /*
     * Skip any leading blanks.
     */

    while (**formatPtr == ' ') {
	(*formatPtr)++;
    }

    /*
     * The string was empty, except for whitespace, so fail.
     */

    if (!(**formatPtr)) {
	return 0;
    }

    /*
     * Extract the command character and any trailing digits or '*'.
     */

    *cmdPtr = **formatPtr;
    (*formatPtr)++;
    if (**formatPtr == 'u') {
	(*formatPtr)++;
	*flagsPtr |= BINARY_UNSIGNED;
    }
    if (**formatPtr == '*') {
	(*formatPtr)++;
	*countPtr = BINARY_ALL;
    } else if (isdigit(UCHAR(**formatPtr))) { /* INTL: digit */
	unsigned long count;

	errno = 0;
	count = strtoul(*formatPtr, (char **) formatPtr, 10);
	if (errno || (count > (unsigned long) INT_MAX)) {
	    *countPtr = INT_MAX;
	} else {
	    *countPtr = (int) count;
	}
    } else {
	*countPtr = BINARY_NOCOUNT;
    }
    return 1;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * NeedReversing --
 *
 *	This routine determines, if bytes of a number need to be re-ordered,
 *	and returns a numeric code indicating the re-ordering to be done.
 *	This depends on the endianness of the machine and the desired format.
 *	It is in effect a table (whose contents depend on the endianness of
 *	the system) describing whether a value needs reversing or not. Anyone
 *	porting the code to a big-endian platform should take care to make
 *	sure that they define WORDS_BIGENDIAN though this is already done by
 *	configure for the Unix build; little-endian platforms (including
 *	Windows) don't need to do anything.
 *
 * Results:
 *	0	No re-ordering needed.
 *	1	Reverse the bytes:	01234567 <-> 76543210 (little to big)
 *	2	Apply this re-ordering: 01234567 <-> 45670123 (Nokia to little)
 *	3	Apply this re-ordering: 01234567 <-> 32107654 (Nokia to big)
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
NeedReversing(
    int format)
{
    switch (format) {
	/* native floats and doubles: never reverse */
    case 'd':
    case 'f':
	/* big endian ints: never reverse */
    case 'I':
    case 'S':
    case 'W':
#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
	/* native ints: reverse if we're little-endian */
    case 'n':
    case 't':
    case 'm':
	/* f: reverse if we're little-endian */
    case 'Q':
    case 'R':
#else /* !WORDS_BIGENDIAN */
	/* small endian floats: reverse if we're big-endian */
    case 'r':
#endif /* WORDS_BIGENDIAN */
	return 0;

#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
	/* small endian floats: reverse if we're big-endian */
    case 'q':
    case 'r':
#else /* !WORDS_BIGENDIAN */
	/* native ints: reverse if we're little-endian */
    case 'n':
    case 't':
    case 'm':
	/* f: reverse if we're little-endian */
    case 'R':
#endif /* WORDS_BIGENDIAN */
	/* small endian ints: always reverse */
    case 'i':
    case 's':
    case 'w':
	return 1;

#ifndef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
    /*
     * The Q and q formats need special handling to account for the unusual
     * byte ordering of 8-byte floats on Nokia 770 systems, which claim to be
     * little-endian, but also reverse word order.
     */

    case 'Q':
	if (TclNokia770Doubles()) {
	    return 3;
	}
	return 1;
    case 'q':
	if (TclNokia770Doubles()) {
	    return 2;
	}
	return 0;
#endif
    }

    Tcl_Panic("unexpected fallthrough");
    return 0;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * CopyNumber --
 *
 *	This routine is called by FormatNumber and ScanNumber to copy a
 *	floating-point number. If required, bytes are reversed while copying.
 *	The behaviour is only fully defined when used with IEEE float and
 *	double values (guaranteed to be 4 and 8 bytes long, respectively.)
 *
 * Results:
 *	None
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Copies length bytes
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static void
CopyNumber(
    const void *from,		/* source */
    void *to,			/* destination */
    unsigned length,		/* Number of bytes to copy */
    int type)			/* What type of thing are we copying? */
{
    switch (NeedReversing(type)) {
    case 0:
	memcpy(to, from, length);
	break;
    case 1: {
	const unsigned char *fromPtr = (const unsigned char *)from;
	unsigned char *toPtr = (unsigned char *)to;

	switch (length) {
	case 4:
	    toPtr[0] = fromPtr[3];
	    toPtr[1] = fromPtr[2];
	    toPtr[2] = fromPtr[1];
	    toPtr[3] = fromPtr[0];
	    break;
	case 8:
	    toPtr[0] = fromPtr[7];
	    toPtr[1] = fromPtr[6];
	    toPtr[2] = fromPtr[5];
	    toPtr[3] = fromPtr[4];
	    toPtr[4] = fromPtr[3];
	    toPtr[5] = fromPtr[2];
	    toPtr[6] = fromPtr[1];
	    toPtr[7] = fromPtr[0];
	    break;
	}
	break;
    }
    case 2: {
	const unsigned char *fromPtr = (const unsigned char *)from;
	unsigned char *toPtr = (unsigned char *)to;

	toPtr[0] = fromPtr[4];
	toPtr[1] = fromPtr[5];
	toPtr[2] = fromPtr[6];
	toPtr[3] = fromPtr[7];
	toPtr[4] = fromPtr[0];
	toPtr[5] = fromPtr[1];
	toPtr[6] = fromPtr[2];
	toPtr[7] = fromPtr[3];
	break;
    }
    case 3: {
	const unsigned char *fromPtr = (const unsigned char *)from;
	unsigned char *toPtr = (unsigned char *)to;

	toPtr[0] = fromPtr[3];
	toPtr[1] = fromPtr[2];
	toPtr[2] = fromPtr[1];
	toPtr[3] = fromPtr[0];
	toPtr[4] = fromPtr[7];
	toPtr[5] = fromPtr[6];
	toPtr[6] = fromPtr[5];
	toPtr[7] = fromPtr[4];
	break;
    }
    }
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * FormatNumber --
 *
 *	This routine is called by Tcl_BinaryObjCmd to format a number into a
 *	location pointed at by cursor.
 *
 * Results:
 *	A standard Tcl result.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Moves the cursor to the next location to be written into.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
FormatNumber(
    Tcl_Interp *interp,		/* Current interpreter, used to report
				 * errors. */
    int type,			/* Type of number to format. */
    Tcl_Obj *src,		/* Number to format. */
    unsigned char **cursorPtr)	/* Pointer to index into destination buffer. */
{
    long value;
    double dvalue;
    Tcl_WideInt wvalue;
    float fvalue;

    switch (type) {
    case 'd':
    case 'q':
    case 'Q':
	/*
	 * Double-precision floating point values. Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj
	 * returns TCL_ERROR for NaN, but we can check by comparing the
	 * object's type pointer.
	 */

	if (Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, src, &dvalue) != TCL_OK) {
	    if (src->typePtr != &tclDoubleType) {
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    dvalue = src->internalRep.doubleValue;
	}
	CopyNumber(&dvalue, *cursorPtr, sizeof(double), type);
	*cursorPtr += sizeof(double);
	return TCL_OK;

    case 'f':
    case 'r':
    case 'R':
	/*
	 * Single-precision floating point values. Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj
	 * returns TCL_ERROR for NaN, but we can check by comparing the
	 * object's type pointer.
	 */

	if (Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, src, &dvalue) != TCL_OK) {
	    if (src->typePtr != &tclDoubleType) {
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    dvalue = src->internalRep.doubleValue;
	}

	/*
	 * Because some compilers will generate floating point exceptions on
	 * an overflow cast (e.g. Borland), we restrict the values to the
	 * valid range for float.
	 */

	if (fabs(dvalue) > (double) FLT_MAX) {
	    fvalue = (dvalue >= 0.0) ? FLT_MAX : -FLT_MAX;
	} else {
	    fvalue = (float) dvalue;
	}
	CopyNumber(&fvalue, *cursorPtr, sizeof(float), type);
	*cursorPtr += sizeof(float);
	return TCL_OK;

	/*
	 * 64-bit integer values.
	 */
    case 'w':
    case 'W':
    case 'm':
	if (Tcl_GetWideIntFromObj(interp, src, &wvalue) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 8);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 16);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 24);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 32);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 40);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 48);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 56);
	} else {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 56);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 48);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 40);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 32);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 24);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 16);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue >> 8);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(wvalue);
	}
	return TCL_OK;

	/*
	 * 32-bit integer values.
	 */
    case 'i':
    case 'I':
    case 'n':
	if (TclGetLongFromObj(interp, src, &value) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 8);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 16);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 24);
	} else {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 24);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 16);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 8);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value);
	}
	return TCL_OK;

	/*
	 * 16-bit integer values.
	 */
    case 's':
    case 'S':
    case 't':
	if (TclGetLongFromObj(interp, src, &value) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 8);
	} else {
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value >> 8);
	    *(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value);
	}
	return TCL_OK;

	/*
	 * 8-bit integer values.
	 */
    case 'c':
	if (TclGetLongFromObj(interp, src, &value) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	*(*cursorPtr)++ = UCHAR(value);
	return TCL_OK;

    default:
	Tcl_Panic("unexpected fallthrough");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * ScanNumber --
 *
 *	This routine is called by Tcl_BinaryObjCmd to scan a number out of a
 *	buffer.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Returns a newly created object containing the scanned number. This
 *	object has a ref count of zero.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Might reuse an object in the number cache, place a new object in the
 *	cache, or delete the cache and set the reference to it (itself passed
 *	in by reference) to NULL.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static Tcl_Obj *
ScanNumber(
    unsigned char *buffer,	/* Buffer to scan number from. */
    int type,			/* Format character from "binary scan" */
    int flags,			/* Format field flags */
    Tcl_HashTable **numberCachePtrPtr)
				/* Place to look for cache of scanned value
				 * objects, or NULL if too many different
				 * numbers have been scanned. */
{
    long value;
    float fvalue;
    double dvalue;
    Tcl_WideUInt uwvalue;

    /*
     * We cannot rely on the compiler to properly sign extend integer values
     * when we cast from smaller values to larger values because we don't know
     * the exact size of the integer types. So, we have to handle sign
     * extension explicitly by checking the high bit and padding with 1's as
     * needed. This practice is disabled if the BINARY_UNSIGNED flag is set.
     */

    switch (type) {
    case 'c':
	/*
	 * Characters need special handling. We want to produce a signed
	 * result, but on some platforms (such as AIX) chars are unsigned. To
	 * deal with this, check for a value that should be negative but
	 * isn't.
	 */

	value = buffer[0];
	if (!(flags & BINARY_UNSIGNED)) {
	    if (value & 0x80) {
		value |= -0x100;
	    }
	}
	goto returnNumericObject;

	/*
	 * 16-bit numeric values. We need the sign extension trick (see above)
	 * here as well.
	 */

    case 's':
    case 'S':
    case 't':
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    value = (long) (buffer[0] + (buffer[1] << 8));
	} else {
	    value = (long) (buffer[1] + (buffer[0] << 8));
	}
	if (!(flags & BINARY_UNSIGNED)) {
	    if (value & 0x8000) {
		value |= -0x10000;
	    }
	}
	goto returnNumericObject;

	/*
	 * 32-bit numeric values.
	 */

    case 'i':
    case 'I':
    case 'n':
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    value = (long) (buffer[0]
		    + (buffer[1] << 8)
		    + (buffer[2] << 16)
		    + (((unsigned long)buffer[3]) << 24));
	} else {
	    value = (long) (buffer[3]
		    + (buffer[2] << 8)
		    + (buffer[1] << 16)
		    + (((unsigned long) buffer[0]) << 24));
	}

	/*
	 * Check to see if the value was sign extended properly on systems
	 * where an int is more than 32-bits.
	 *
	 * We avoid caching unsigned integers as we cannot distinguish between
	 * 32bit signed and unsigned in the hash (short and char are ok).
	 */

	if (flags & BINARY_UNSIGNED) {
	    return Tcl_NewWideIntObj((Tcl_WideInt)(unsigned long)value);
	}
	if ((value & (((unsigned) 1) << 31)) && (value > 0)) {
	    value -= (((unsigned) 1) << 31);
	    value -= (((unsigned) 1) << 31);
	}

    returnNumericObject:
	if (*numberCachePtrPtr == NULL) {
	    return Tcl_NewLongObj(value);
	} else {
	    Tcl_HashTable *tablePtr = *numberCachePtrPtr;
	    Tcl_HashEntry *hPtr;
	    int isNew;

	    hPtr = Tcl_CreateHashEntry(tablePtr, INT2PTR(value), &isNew);
	    if (!isNew) {
		return (Tcl_Obj *)Tcl_GetHashValue(hPtr);
	    }
	    if (tablePtr->numEntries <= BINARY_SCAN_MAX_CACHE) {
		Tcl_Obj *objPtr = Tcl_NewLongObj(value);

		Tcl_IncrRefCount(objPtr);
		Tcl_SetHashValue(hPtr, objPtr);
		return objPtr;
	    }

	    /*
	     * We've overflowed the cache! Someone's parsing a LOT of varied
	     * binary data in a single call! Bail out by switching back to the
	     * old behaviour for the rest of the scan.
	     *
	     * Note that anyone just using the 'c' conversion (for bytes)
	     * cannot trigger this.
	     */

	    DeleteScanNumberCache(tablePtr);
	    *numberCachePtrPtr = NULL;
	    return Tcl_NewLongObj(value);
	}

	/*
	 * Do not cache wide (64-bit) values; they are already too large to
	 * use as keys.
	 */

    case 'w':
    case 'W':
    case 'm':
	if (NeedReversing(type)) {
	    uwvalue = ((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[0])
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[1]) << 8)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[2]) << 16)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[3]) << 24)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[4]) << 32)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[5]) << 40)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[6]) << 48)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[7]) << 56);
	} else {
	    uwvalue = ((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[7])
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[6]) << 8)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[5]) << 16)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[4]) << 24)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[3]) << 32)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[2]) << 40)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[1]) << 48)
		    | (((Tcl_WideUInt) buffer[0]) << 56);
	}
	if (flags & BINARY_UNSIGNED) {
	    Tcl_Obj *bigObj = NULL;
	    mp_int big;

	    TclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt(&big, uwvalue);
	    bigObj = Tcl_NewBignumObj(&big);
	    return bigObj;
	}
	return Tcl_NewWideIntObj((Tcl_WideInt)uwvalue);

	/*
	 * Do not cache double values; they are already too large to use as
	 * keys and the values stored are utterly incompatible with the
	 * integer part of the cache.
	 */

	/*
	 * 32-bit IEEE single-precision floating point.
	 */

    case 'f':
    case 'R':
    case 'r':
	CopyNumber(buffer, &fvalue, sizeof(float), type);
	return Tcl_NewDoubleObj(fvalue);

	/*
	 * 64-bit IEEE double-precision floating point.
	 */

    case 'd':
    case 'Q':
    case 'q':
	CopyNumber(buffer, &dvalue, sizeof(double), type);
	return Tcl_NewDoubleObj(dvalue);
    }
    return NULL;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * DeleteScanNumberCache --
 *
 *	Deletes the hash table acting as a scan number cache.
 *
 * Results:
 *	None
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	Decrements the reference counts of the objects in the cache.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static void
DeleteScanNumberCache(
    Tcl_HashTable *numberCachePtr)
				/* Pointer to the hash table, or NULL (when
				 * the cache has already been deleted due to
				 * overflow.) */
{
    Tcl_HashEntry *hEntry;
    Tcl_HashSearch search;

    if (numberCachePtr == NULL) {
	return;
    }

    hEntry = Tcl_FirstHashEntry(numberCachePtr, &search);
    while (hEntry != NULL) {
	Tcl_Obj *value = (Tcl_Obj *)Tcl_GetHashValue(hEntry);

	if (value != NULL) {
	    Tcl_DecrRefCount(value);
	}
	hEntry = Tcl_NextHashEntry(&search);
    }
    Tcl_DeleteHashTable(numberCachePtr);
}

/*
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * NOTES --
 *
 *	Some measurements show that it is faster to use a table to to perform
 *	uuencode and base64 value encoding than to calculate the output (at
 *	least on intel P4 arch).
 *
 *	Conversely using a lookup table for the decoding is slower than just
 *	calculating the values. We therefore use the fastest of each method.
 *
 *	Presumably this has to do with the size of the tables. The base64
 *	decode table is 255 bytes while the encode table is only 65 bytes. The
 *	choice likely depends on CPU memory cache sizes.
 */

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryEncodeHex --
 *
 *	Implement the [binary encode hex] binary encoding. clientData must be
 *	a table to convert values to hexadecimal digits.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Interp result set to an encoded byte array object
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryEncodeHex(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj = NULL;
    unsigned char *data = NULL;
    unsigned char *cursor = NULL;
    int offset = 0, count = 0;

    if (objc != 2) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    data = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[1], &count);
    cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, count * 2);
    for (offset = 0; offset < count; ++offset) {
	*cursor++ = HexDigits[(data[offset] >> 4) & 0x0F];
	*cursor++ = HexDigits[data[offset] & 0x0F];
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryDecodeHex --
 *
 *	Implement the [binary decode hex] binary encoding.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Interp result set to an decoded byte array object
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryDecodeHex(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj = NULL;
    unsigned char *data, *datastart, *dataend;
    unsigned char *begin, *cursor, c;
    int i, index, value, pure, strict = 0;
    int size, cut = 0, count = 0;
    Tcl_UniChar ch = 0;
    enum {OPT_STRICT };
    static const char *const optStrings[] = { "-strict", NULL };

    if (objc < 2 || objc > 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "?options? data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    for (i = 1; i < objc - 1; ++i) {
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObj(interp, objv[i], optStrings, "option",
		TCL_EXACT, &index) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	switch (index) {
	case OPT_STRICT:
	    strict = 1;
	    break;
	}
    }

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    pure = TclIsPureByteArray(objv[objc - 1]);
    datastart = data = pure ? Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count)
	    : (unsigned char *) TclGetStringFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count);
    dataend = data + count;
    size = (count + 1) / 2;
    begin = cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, size);
    while (data < dataend) {
	value = 0;
	for (i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i++) {
	    if (data >= dataend) {
		value <<= 4;
		break;
	    }

	    c = *data++;
	    if (!isxdigit((int) c)) {
		if (strict || !TclIsSpaceProc(c)) {
		    goto badChar;
		}
		i--;
		continue;
	    }

	    value <<= 4;
	    c -= '0';
	    if (c > 9) {
		c += ('0' - 'A') + 10;
	    }
	    if (c > 16) {
		c += ('A' - 'a');
	    }
	    value |= c & 0xF;
	}
	if (i < 2) {
	    cut++;
	}
	*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
	value = 0;
    }
    if (cut > size) {
	cut = size;
    }
    Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, cursor - begin - cut);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;

  badChar:
    if (pure) {
	ch = c;
    } else {
	TclUtfToUniChar((const char *)(data - 1), &ch);
    }
    TclDecrRefCount(resultObj);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "invalid hexadecimal digit \"%c\" at position %d",
	    ch, (int) (data - datastart - 1)));
    Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "DECODE", "INVALID", (char *)NULL);
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryEncode64 --
 *
 *	This procedure implements the "binary encode base64" Tcl command.
 *
 * Results:
 *	The base64 encoded value prescribed by the input arguments.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#define OUTPUT(c) \
    do {						\
	*cursor++ = (c);				\
	outindex++;					\
	if (maxlen > 0 && cursor != limit) {		\
	    if (outindex == maxlen) {			\
		memcpy(cursor, wrapchar, wrapcharlen);	\
		cursor += wrapcharlen;			\
		outindex = 0;				\
	    }						\
	}						\
	if (cursor > limit) {				\
	    Tcl_Panic("limit hit");			\
	}						\
    } while (0)

static int
BinaryEncode64(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj;
    unsigned char *data, *limit;
    int maxlen = 0;
    const char *wrapchar = "\n";
    int wrapcharlen = 1;
    int index, purewrap = 1;
    int i, offset, size, outindex = 0, count = 0;
    enum { OPT_MAXLEN, OPT_WRAPCHAR };
    static const char *const optStrings[] = { "-maxlen", "-wrapchar", NULL };

    if (objc < 2 || objc % 2 != 0) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv,
		"?-maxlen len? ?-wrapchar char? data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    for (i = 1; i < objc - 1; i += 2) {
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObj(interp, objv[i], optStrings, "option",
		TCL_EXACT, &index) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	switch (index) {
	case OPT_MAXLEN:
	    if (Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, objv[i + 1], &maxlen) != TCL_OK) {
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    if (maxlen < 0) {
		Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
			"line length out of range", -1));
		Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "ENCODE",
			"LINE_LENGTH", (char *)NULL);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    break;
	case OPT_WRAPCHAR:
	    purewrap = TclIsPureByteArray(objv[i + 1]);
	    if (purewrap) {
		wrapchar = (const char *) Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(
			objv[i + 1], &wrapcharlen);
	    } else {
		wrapchar = TclGetStringFromObj(objv[i + 1], &wrapcharlen);
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    if (wrapcharlen == 0) {
	maxlen = 0;
    }

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    data = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count);
    if (count > 0) {
	unsigned char *cursor = NULL;

	size = (((count * 4) / 3) + 3) & ~3;	/* ensure 4 byte chunks */
	if (maxlen > 0 && size > maxlen) {
	    int adjusted = size + (wrapcharlen * (size / maxlen));

	    if (size % maxlen == 0) {
		adjusted -= wrapcharlen;
	    }
	    size = adjusted;

	    if (purewrap == 0) {
		/* Wrapchar is (possibly) non-byte, so build result as
		 * general string, not bytearray */
		Tcl_SetObjLength(resultObj, size);
		cursor = (unsigned char *) TclGetString(resultObj);
	    }
	}
	if (cursor == NULL) {
	    cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, size);
	}
	limit = cursor + size;
	for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset += 3) {
	    unsigned char d[3] = {0, 0, 0};

	    for (i = 0; i < 3 && offset + i < count; ++i) {
		d[i] = data[offset + i];
	    }
	    OUTPUT(B64Digits[d[0] >> 2]);
	    OUTPUT(B64Digits[((d[0] & 0x03) << 4) | (d[1] >> 4)]);
	    if (offset + 1 < count) {
		OUTPUT(B64Digits[((d[1] & 0x0F) << 2) | (d[2] >> 6)]);
	    } else {
		OUTPUT(B64Digits[64]);
	    }
	    if (offset+2 < count) {
		OUTPUT(B64Digits[d[2] & 0x3F]);
	    } else {
		OUTPUT(B64Digits[64]);
	    }
	}
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;
}
#undef OUTPUT

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryEncodeUu --
 *
 *	This implements the uuencode binary encoding. Input is broken into 6
 *	bit chunks and a lookup table is used to turn these values into output
 *	characters. This differs from the generic code above in that line
 *	lengths are also encoded.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Interp result set to an encoded byte array object
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryEncodeUu(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj;
    unsigned char *data, *start, *cursor;
    int i, bits, index;
    unsigned int n;
    int lineLength = 61;
    const unsigned char SingleNewline[] = { UCHAR('\n') };
    const unsigned char *wrapchar = SingleNewline;
    int j, rawLength, offset, count, wrapcharlen = sizeof(SingleNewline);
    enum { OPT_MAXLEN, OPT_WRAPCHAR };
    static const char *const optStrings[] = { "-maxlen", "-wrapchar", NULL };

    if (objc < 2 || objc % 2 != 0) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv,
		"?-maxlen len? ?-wrapchar char? data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    for (i = 1; i < objc - 1; i += 2) {
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObj(interp, objv[i], optStrings, "option",
		TCL_EXACT, &index) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	switch (index) {
	case OPT_MAXLEN:
	    if (Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, objv[i + 1],
		    &lineLength) != TCL_OK) {
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    if (lineLength < 5 || lineLength > 85) {
		Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
			"line length out of range", -1));
		Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "ENCODE",
			"LINE_LENGTH", (char *)NULL);
		return TCL_ERROR;
	    }
	    lineLength = ((lineLength - 1) & -4) + 1; /* 5, 9, 13 ... */
	    break;
	case OPT_WRAPCHAR:
	    wrapchar = (const unsigned char *) TclGetStringFromObj(
		    objv[i + 1], &wrapcharlen);
	    {
		const unsigned char *p = wrapchar;
		int numBytes = wrapcharlen;

		while (numBytes) {
		    switch (*p) {
			case '\t':
			case '\v':
			case '\f':
			case '\r':
			    p++; numBytes--;
			    continue;
			case '\n':
			    numBytes--;
			    break;
			default:
			badwrap:
			    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
				    "invalid wrapchar; will defeat decoding",
				    -1));
			    Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY",
				    "ENCODE", "WRAPCHAR", (char *)NULL);
			    return TCL_ERROR;
		    }
		}
		if (numBytes) {
		    goto badwrap;
		}
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }

    /*
     * Allocate the buffer. This is a little bit too long, but is "good
     * enough".
     */

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    offset = 0;
    data = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count);
    rawLength = (lineLength - 1) * 3 / 4;
    start = cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj,
	    (lineLength + wrapcharlen) *
	    ((count + (rawLength - 1)) / rawLength));
    n = bits = 0;

    /*
     * Encode the data. Each output line first has the length of raw data
     * encoded by the output line described in it by one encoded byte, then
     * the encoded data follows (encoding each 6 bits as one character).
     * Encoded lines are always terminated by a newline.
     */

    while (offset < count) {
	int lineLen = count - offset;

	if (lineLen > rawLength) {
	    lineLen = rawLength;
	}
	*cursor++ = UueDigits[lineLen];
	for (i = 0 ; i < lineLen ; i++) {
	    n <<= 8;
	    n |= data[offset++];
	    for (bits += 8; bits > 6 ; bits -= 6) {
		*cursor++ = UueDigits[(n >> (bits - 6)) & 0x3F];
	    }
	}
	if (bits > 0) {
	    n <<= 8;
	    *cursor++ = UueDigits[(n >> (bits + 2)) & 0x3F];
	    bits = 0;
	}
	for (j = 0 ; j < wrapcharlen ; ++j) {
	    *cursor++ = wrapchar[j];
	}
    }

    /*
     * Fix the length of the output bytearray.
     */

    Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, cursor - start);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryDecodeUu --
 *
 *	Decode a uuencoded string.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Interp result set to an byte array object
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryDecodeUu(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj = NULL;
    unsigned char *data, *datastart, *dataend;
    unsigned char *begin, *cursor;
    int i, index, pure, strict = 0, lineLen;
    int size, count = 0;
    unsigned char c;
    Tcl_UniChar ch = 0;
    enum { OPT_STRICT };
    static const char *const optStrings[] = { "-strict", NULL };

    if (objc < 2 || objc > 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "?options? data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    for (i = 1; i < objc - 1; ++i) {
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObj(interp, objv[i], optStrings, "option",
		TCL_EXACT, &index) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	switch (index) {
	case OPT_STRICT:
	    strict = 1;
	    break;
	}
    }

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    pure = TclIsPureByteArray(objv[objc - 1]);
    datastart = data = pure ? Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count)
	    : (unsigned char *) TclGetStringFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count);
    dataend = data + count;
    size = ((count + 3) & ~3) * 3 / 4;
    begin = cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, size);
    lineLen = -1;

    /*
     * The decoding loop. First, we get the length of line (strictly, the
     * number of data bytes we expect to generate from the line) we're
     * processing this time round if it is not already known (i.e., when the
     * lineLen variable is set to the magic value, -1).
     */

    while (data < dataend) {
	char d[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};

	if (lineLen < 0) {
	    c = *data++;
	    if (c < 32 || c > 96) {
		if (strict || !TclIsSpaceProc(c)) {
		    goto badUu;
		}
		i--;
		continue;
	    }
	    lineLen = (c - 32) & 0x3F;
	}

	/*
	 * Now we read a four-character grouping.
	 */

	for (i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++) {
	    if (data < dataend) {
		d[i] = c = *data++;
		if (c < 32 || c > 96) {
		    if (strict) {
			if (!TclIsSpaceProc(c)) {
			    goto badUu;
			} else if (c == '\n') {
			    goto shortUu;
			}
		    }
		    i--;
		    continue;
		}
	    }
	}

	/*
	 * Translate that grouping into (up to) three binary bytes output.
	 */

	if (lineLen > 0) {
	    *cursor++ = (((d[0] - 0x20) & 0x3F) << 2)
		    | (((d[1] - 0x20) & 0x3F) >> 4);
	    if (--lineLen > 0) {
		*cursor++ = (((d[1] - 0x20) & 0x3F) << 4)
			| (((d[2] - 0x20) & 0x3F) >> 2);
		if (--lineLen > 0) {
		    *cursor++ = (((d[2] - 0x20) & 0x3F) << 6)
			    | (((d[3] - 0x20) & 0x3F));
		    lineLen--;
		}
	    }
	}

	/*
	 * If we've reached the end of the line, skip until we process a
	 * newline.
	 */

	if (lineLen == 0 && data < dataend) {
	    lineLen = -1;
	    do {
		c = *data++;
		if (c == '\n') {
		    break;
		} else if (c >= 32 && c <= 96) {
		    data--;
		    break;
		} else if (strict || !TclIsSpaceProc(c)) {
		    goto badUu;
		}
	    } while (data < dataend);
	}
    }

    /*
     * Sanity check, clean up and finish.
     */

    if (lineLen > 0 && strict) {
	goto shortUu;
    }
    Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, cursor - begin);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;

  shortUu:
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf("short uuencode data"));
    Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "DECODE", "SHORT", (char *)NULL);
    TclDecrRefCount(resultObj);
    return TCL_ERROR;

  badUu:
    if (pure) {
	ch = c;
    } else {
	TclUtfToUniChar((const char *)(data - 1), &ch);
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "invalid uuencode character \"%c\" at position %d",
	    ch, (int) (data - datastart - 1)));
    Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "DECODE", "INVALID", (char *)NULL);
    TclDecrRefCount(resultObj);
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinaryDecode64 --
 *
 *	Decode a base64 encoded string.
 *
 * Results:
 *	Interp result set to an byte array object
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	None
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinaryDecode64(
    ClientData clientData,
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    int objc,
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    Tcl_Obj *resultObj = NULL;
    unsigned char *data, *datastart, *dataend, c = '\0';
    unsigned char *begin = NULL;
    unsigned char *cursor = NULL;
    int pure, strict = 0;
    int i, index, cut = 0;
    int size, count = 0;
    Tcl_UniChar ch = 0;
    enum { OPT_STRICT };
    static const char *const optStrings[] = { "-strict", NULL };

    if (objc < 2 || objc > 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "?options? data");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    for (i = 1; i < objc - 1; ++i) {
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObj(interp, objv[i], optStrings, "option",
		TCL_EXACT, &index) != TCL_OK) {
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
	switch (index) {
	case OPT_STRICT:
	    strict = 1;
	    break;
	}
    }

    TclNewObj(resultObj);
    pure = TclIsPureByteArray(objv[objc - 1]);
    datastart = data = pure ? Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count)
	    : (unsigned char *) TclGetStringFromObj(objv[objc - 1], &count);
    dataend = data + count;
    size = ((count + 3) & ~3) * 3 / 4;
    begin = cursor = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, size);
    while (data < dataend) {
	unsigned long value = 0;

	/*
	 * Decode the current block. Each base64 block consists of four input
	 * characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, or /. Each character supplies six bits
	 * of output data, so each block's output is 24 bits (three bytes) in
	 * length. The final block can be shorter by one or two bytes, denoted
	 * by the input ending with one or two ='s, respectively.
	 */

	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
	    /*
	     * Get the next input character. At end of input, pad with at most
	     * two ='s. If more than two ='s would be needed, instead discard
	     * the block read thus far.
	     */

	    if (data < dataend) {
		c = *data++;
	    } else if (i > 1) {
		c = '=';
	    } else {
		if (strict && i <= 1) {
		    /*
		     * Single resp. unfulfilled char (each 4th next single
		     * char) is rather bad64 error case in strict mode.
		     */

		    goto bad64;
		}
		cut += 3;
		break;
	    }

	    /*
	     * Load the character into the block value. Handle ='s specially
	     * because they're only valid as the last character or two of the
	     * final block of input. Unless strict mode is enabled, skip any
	     * input whitespace characters.
	     */

	    if (cut) {
		if (c == '=' && i > 1) {
		    value <<= 6;
		    cut++;
		} else if (!strict) {
		    i--;
		} else {
		    goto bad64;
		}
	    } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') {
		value = (value << 6) | ((c - 'A') & 0x3F);
	    } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {
		value = (value << 6) | ((c - 'a' + 26) & 0x3F);
	    } else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
		value = (value << 6) | ((c - '0' + 52) & 0x3F);
	    } else if (c == '+') {
		value = (value << 6) | 0x3E;
	    } else if (c == '/') {
		value = (value << 6) | 0x3F;
	    } else if (c == '=' && (!strict || i > 1)) {
		/*
		 * "=" and "a=" is rather bad64 error case in strict mode.
		 */

		value <<= 6;
		if (i) {
		    cut++;
		}
	    } else if (strict) {
		goto bad64;
	    } else {
		i--;
	    }
	}
	*cursor++ = UCHAR((value >> 16) & 0xFF);
	*cursor++ = UCHAR((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
	*cursor++ = UCHAR(value & 0xFF);

	/*
	 * Since = is only valid within the final block, if it was encountered
	 * but there are still more input characters, confirm that strict mode
	 * is off and all subsequent characters are whitespace.
	 */

	if (cut && data < dataend) {
	    if (strict) {
		goto bad64;
	    }
	}
    }
    Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(resultObj, cursor - begin - cut);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultObj);
    return TCL_OK;

  bad64:
    if (pure) {
	ch = c;
    } else {
	/* The decoder is byte-oriented. If we saw a byte that's not a
	 * valid member of the base64 alphabet, it could be the lead byte
	 * of a multi-byte character. */

	/* Safe because we know data is NUL-terminated */
	TclUtfToUniChar((const char *)(data - 1), &ch);
    }

    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "invalid base64 character \"%c\" at position %d", ch,
	    (int) (data - datastart - 1)));
    Tcl_SetErrorCode(interp, "TCL", "BINARY", "DECODE", "INVALID", (char *)NULL);
    TclDecrRefCount(resultObj);
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 * Local Variables:
 * mode: c
 * c-basic-offset: 4
 * fill-column: 78
 * End:
 */
