GETPWNAM(3)

NAME
getpwnam, getpwuid, getpwnam_r, getpwuid_r, setpassent - password database operations

SYNOPSIS
#include <pwd.h>
struct passwd *
getpwnam(const char *login);
struct passwd *
getpwuid(uid_t uid);
int
getpwnam_r(const char *login, struct passwd *pwstore, char *buf, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result);
int
getpwuid_r(uid_t uid, struct passwd *pwstore, char *buf, size_t buflen, struct passwd **result);
int
setpassent(int stayopen);

DESCRIPTION
These functions operate on the password database file which is described in passwd(5). Each entry in the database is defined by the structure struct passwd found in the include file <pwd.h>:

    struct passwd {
    	char	*pw_name;	/* user name */
    	char	*pw_passwd;	/* encrypted password */
    	uid_t	pw_uid;		/* user uid */
    	gid_t	pw_gid;		/* user gid */
    	time_t	pw_change;	/* password change time */
    	char	*pw_class;	/* user access class */
    	char	*pw_gecos;	/* Honeywell login info */
    	char	*pw_dir;	/* home directory */
    	char	*pw_shell;	/* default shell */
    	time_t	pw_expire;	/* account expiration */
    };

The functions getpwnam() and getpwuid() search the password database for the given login name or user ID, respectively, always returning the first one encountered.

The re-entrant versions, getpwnam_r() and getpwuid_r(), behave similarly but the various strings associated with the result are stored in buf, and pwstore is updated to reference those strings.

setpassent() accomplishes two purposes. First, it causes getpwent(3) to “rewind” to the beginning of the database. Additionally, if stayopen is non-zero, file descriptors are left open, significantly speeding up subsequent accesses for the lookup routines. These file descriptors can be closed by a call to endpwent(3).

It is dangerous for long-running programs to keep the file descriptors open as the database will become out of date if it is updated while the program is running. Furthermore, programs that run child processes should be careful to call endpwent(3) to close these descriptors before calling execve(2) or system(3).

These routines have been written to “shadow” the password file, that is, allow only certain programs to have access to the encrypted password. If the process which calls them has an effective UID of 0 or has the “_shadow” group in its group vector, the encrypted password will be returned, otherwise, the password field of the returned structure will point to the string ‘*’.

  YP support
If YP is active, the functions getpwnam() and getpwnam_r() also use the master.passwd.byname YP map (if available) or the passwd.byname YP map; and the functions getpwuid() and getpwuid_r() also use the master.passwd.byuid YP map (if available) or the passwd.byuid YP map. This is in addition to the passwd file, and respects the order of both normal and YP entries in the passwd file.

RETURN VALUES
The functions getpwnam() and getpwuid() return a pointer to a passwd structure if a match is found or a NULL pointer if no match is found or an error occurs.

The functions getpwnam_r() and getpwuid_r() update result to point to pwstore if a match is found or set it to NULL if no match is found or an error occurs. They return 0 on success, even if no match is found, or an error number if an error occurs; see ERRORS.

The setpassent() function returns 0 on failure or 1 on success.

FILES
/etc/pwd.db
    insecure password database file
/etc/spwd.db
    secure password database file
/etc/master.passwd
    current password file
/etc/passwd
    a Version 7 format password file

ERRORS
The getpwnam_r() and getpwuid_r() functions may fail if:

[ERANGE]
    The storage supplied via buf and buflen is too small and cannot contain all the strings to be returned in pwstore.

The getpwnam(), getpwnam_r(), getpwuid(), and getpwuid_r() functions may also fail for any of the errors specified for dbopen(3) and its get() routine.

If YP is active, they may also fail due to errors caused by the YP subsystem.

SEE ALSO
getlogin(2), getgrent(3), getgrouplist(3), getpwent(3), pw_dup(3), passwd(5), Makefile.yp(8), pwd_mkdb(8), vipw(8), yp(8)

STANDARDS
The getpwnam(), getpwnam_r(), getpwuid(), and getpwuid_r() functions are compliant with the p1003.1-2008 specification.

YP support and the setpassent() function are extensions to that specification.

HISTORY
A predecessor to getpwuid(), getpw(), first appeared in AT&T UNIX. The getpwnam() and getpwuid() functions appeared in AT&T UNIX. The setpassent() function appeared in 4.3BSD Reno.

BUGS
The getpwnam() and getpwuid() functions store their results in an internal static buffer and return a pointer to that buffer. Subsequent calls to getpwent(), getpwnam(), or getpwuid() will overwrite the same buffer.